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TAC OCEAN FREIGHT CO.,LTD.
Useful Information Welcome : Guest
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Containers for International Use
In terms of the type of cargo for which the containers are mainly intended, they are classified as general cargo container and specific cargo container.

General Cargo Container
(1) General purpose (dry cargo) container
It is suitable for the widest varieties of cargo. It is fully enclosed and weatherproof, having rigid walls, roof and floor, with at least one of its walls, either end wall (end loading) or side wall (side loading), equipped with doors.

Please see Dimension of General Purpose Containers for the related information.

(2) Specific purpose container
It is used to facilitate the packing (loading) and emptying (unloading) of container other than by means of doors at one side of the container, and for other specific purposes like ventilation.

  • Closed ventilated container
    It is used for the carriage of cargo, such as hides, that cannot stand excessive moisture. It is similar to the dry cargo container with specially designed natural or mechanical (forced) ventilation.

  • Open top container
    It is similar to the dry cargo container except that it has no rigid roof, but has a movable or removable cover (e.g. a cover made of canvas, plastic or reinforced plastic material) supported on movable or removable roof bows. The open top container is used for machinery, sheet glass, and other heavy, bulky or long objects.

  • Platform (flat rack)
    It does not have a superstructure, that is, rigid side walls and load-carrying structures. The term load refers to static/dynamic form of load (not cargo load) or forces arising out of the lifting, handling, securement and transporting of container. It is equipped with top and bottom corner fittings. The corner fittings (see diagram in the Dimension of General Purpose Containers) provide means of supporting, stacking, handling and securing the container. The flat rack is used for machinery, lumber, and other heavy or large objects.

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Specific Cargo Container
(1) Thermal container (reefer)
It has insulated walls, doors, roof, and floor, which limit the range of temperature loss or gain. It is used for perishable goods like meat, fruits and vegetables.

(2) Tank container
It is used for the carriage of bulk gases and liquids like chemicals.

(3) Dry bulk container
It is used for the carriage of dry solids in bulk without packaging, such as grains and dry chemicals. It consists of a cargo-carrying structure firmly secured within the intercontinental container framework.

(4) Named cargo types
It consists of various types of containers, such as automobile (car) containers and livestock (cattle and poultry) containers.Go to Top

Table and Diagram:
Dimension of General Purpose Containers

Container Capacity Recommend Load Volume
Nominal
Dimension		 Length Width Height Height Cubic
Meter		 Cubic
Feet		 Cubic
Meter
External 20' 2.438 m 8' 6"        
6.096 m 2.438 m 2.591 m
Internal 19' 4.25" 7' 8.625" 7' 10" 1170 cft 1000 cft
5.899 m 2.353 m 7' 10" 33.131 cbm 28 cbm
External 40' 8' 8' 6"        
12.192 m 7' 8.625" 2.591 m
Internal 39' 5.375" 7' 8.625" 7' 10" 2385 cft 2050 cft
12.024 m 2.353 m 2.388 m 67.535 cbm 58 cbm
External 40' Hicube 8' 9' 6"        
12.192 m 2.438 m 2.896 m
Internal 39' 5.375" 7' 8.625" 8' 10" 2690 cft 2350 cft
12.024 m 2.353 m 2.692 m 76.172 cbm 66 cbm

NOTE : Containers with the same external length may not have exactly the same internal length and width.
  The Recommended Load Volume (RLV) refers to the suggested maximum cube to use in calculating a full container load. The RLV can be about 10-15% less than the container capacity, depending on the export pack dimensions.
 

Miscalculated capacity may result in a large empty and unusable space or a shortage in space. For example (see 20' x 8.5' container diagram on the left), the master cartons have a uniform height of 20 inches, and the length and width are greater than the height. If 1170 cubic feet is used to calculate a 20' full container load, most likely some cartons will not fit despite the empty space of about 170 cubic feet. You cannot stuff the remaining cartons into the remaining 14" high empty space.
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Container Dimensions and Capacity
  The 20 feet (20') and 40 feet (40') containers are very popular in ocean freight. The 8.5 feet (8.5') high container---8 feet 6 inches (8' 6") high container---is often referred to as standard container.

The demand for the high cube container--- hicube---is increasing. The popular high cube container has a normal height of 9.5 feet (9.5' or 9' 6").

There are half height containers (4.25' or 4' 3" high) designed for heavy loads such as steel rods and ingots, which absorb the weight limit in half the normal space.

The most widely used type of container is the general purpose (dry cargo) container (please see Container Classifications) having a nominal length and height of 20' x 8.5', 40' x 8.5', and 40' x 9.5'. Referring to the Dimension of General Purpose Containers below, the dimensions shown in the table are not fixed, that is, the external and internal dimensions may vary among containers of the same length and height.

The container capacity is the total cube a container can accommodate. The term cube often refers to the cubic measurement of cargo. The capacity (i.e., the internal volume) is determined by multiplying the internal dimensions, that is, the product of internal length, width and height. The capacity may vary among containers of the same length and height.

Turn-Over Rate of Containers

In the CY/CY, CY/CFS and CFS/CY container services, the carrier allows the shipper or the consignee, as the case may be, to retain (hold) the container at their premises normally for 24-48 hours only, in order to maximize the turn-over rate of the container. An overtime use charge, known as demurrage, is collected on overstayed containers. In special cases, such as when the shipper or the consignee is doing a substantial amount of business with the carrier, some carriers may allow a longer time without charging demurrage. Go to Top

Charter Shipping

Charter shipping is a tramp service. The term tramp, as used in the ocean shipping, refers to a cargo ship not operating on regular routes and schedules, and picking up cargo only when it is chartered (hired) from the ship operator.

Some trade terms used specifically in charter shipping are as follow

  • FI
    Free In The word "free" as used in the charter shipping term means not including. FI is a pricing term indicating that the charterer of a vessel (i.e., the shipper) is responsible for the cost of loading goods onto the vessel.

  • FO
    Free Out
    FO is a pricing term indicating that the charterer of a vessel (i.e., the shipper) is responsible for the cost of unloading goods from the vessel.

  • FIO
    Free In and Out
    FIO is a pricing term indicating that the charterer of a vessel (i.e., the shipper) is responsible for the costs of loading goods onto the vessel and unloading goods from the vessel.

Please see International Commercial Terms for the different trade terms used in exporting-importing. Go to Top
Air Freight
Benefits of Air Freight
  • Faster delivery
    The ports worldwide can be reached in 1 or 2 days or in a few hours by air freight, thus reducing the risks of theft, pilferage and damage to the goods. Delivery to certain areas may take several weeks to arrive by ocean and land freight. Time sensitive or perishable goods, such as fresh seafood and flowers, often rely on the air freight.

  • Better security
    Air freight has a tighter control over its cargo, thus it has better security that reduces the cargo exposure to theft, pilferage and damage.

  • Less packaging
    Air freight requires less packaging because of faster delivery and better security. Less packaging may mean saving freight, packaging and labor costs.

  • Lower insurance
    Air freight is faster and has better security than the land and ocean freight, thus the insurance premium rate generally is lower.

  • Shorter collection time in an
    open account trade arrangement

The time to collect payment in an open account trade arrangement most often runs from the time the customer receives the goods and not from the time the goods are dispatched. Air delivery is fast, thus the collection time is shorter.

Weight or Measure
in the Freight Cost Calculation
The freight rate on export goods is often based on W/M (weight or measure), that is, based on the weight or the volume of cargo (the cube or measurement of cargo). The rate uses the comparative relation between weight and volume of cargo. A cargo that is large in relation to its weight is charged according to its total cube, while a cargo that is heavy in relation to its size is charged according to its gross weight.
In general, light cargo is charged based on measure, while heavy cargo based on weight. Most sea consignments are charged based on measure, while most air consignments are charged based on weight.
The freight cost by weight or measure that will give the carrier the higher revenue is the rate that applies.
The unit of ton being used in the freight cost calculation may differ among carriers. It can be a metric ton (2204.6 lbs. or 1000 kgs.), a short ton (2000 lbs. or 907 kgs.), or a long ton (2240 lbs. or 1016 kgs.). The exporter must verify with the carrier which unit is being used. In practice, the most frequently used is the metric ton.

Units of Weight or Measure Commonly Used
in the Freight Cost Calculation

LEGEND:
MT =

metric ton

kg. =

kilogram

lb. =

pound

CBM =

cubic meter

cu. cms. =

cubic centimeters

cu. ft. =

cubic feet

cu. ins. =

cubic inches



Weight or Measure in the Freight Cost Calculation
MODE OF TRANSPORTATION WEIGHT or MEASURE
Ocean Freight 1 MT
(1000 kgs.)		 or 1 CBM
(35.3 cu. ft.)
Air Freight 1 MT
(1000 kgs.)		 or 6 CBM
(211.8 cu. ft.)
1 kg. or 6000 cu. cms.
(366 cu. ins.)
1 lb. or 166 cu. ins.
Road and Rail Freight 1 MT
(1000 kgs.)		 or 3.3 CBM
(116.5 cu. ft.)
1 kg. or 3300 cu. cms.
(201.3 cu. ins.)
1 lb. or 91.3 cu. ins.

Some freight carriers may use the (long ton) 2240 lbs. (as weight) or 40 cu. ft. (as measure) in the freight cost calculation.

In ocean freight, some freight carriers may use the terms U.S. shipping ton and British shipping ton. One (1) U.S. shipping ton is equivalent to 40 cubic feet, and one (1) British shipping ton is equivalent to 42 cubic feet.

Other units may be used in the inland freight cost calculation. For example, the inland freight could be charged on a per package basis, but within a maximum allowable weight and/or cube per package. Some carriers may rate a product on a weight basis only.

In the case of irregular shaped cargo, the weight or measure applies, where the measure is determined by taking the three widest dimensions that describe the smallest cubic space enclosing the cargo.Go to Top

Freight Adjustments

Currency Adjustment Factor (CAF)

In times of unstable currency, the freight rate is often quoted with a currency adjustment factor (CAF) to cover an additional charge for currency appreciation. The CAF, if any, is indicated on the bill of lading. The tariff of most international carriers uses the U.S. dollar as the basis of the freight cost calculation. The CAF allows for fluctuations in the value of the dollar against the currency in which the carrier earns its revenues.

Bunker Adjustment Factor (BAF)

The term bunker refers to oil. It may also refer to a compartment on a ship for storing fuel, that is, oil in modern ships and coal in old-time steamships.

In times of unstable oil prices, the freight is often quoted with a bunker adjustment factor (BAF) to cover an oil price hike. The BAF, if any, is indicated on the bill of lading. The BAF allows for fluctuations in the cost of oil.
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Freight Payment
 Freight Prepaid and Freight Collect

The term freight used here refers to transportation charges. The INCOTERMS (International Commercial Terms) determine whether the shipper or the consignee is responsible for paying the freight.

Freight Prepaid
Freight prepaid means the freight has been paid or prepaid by the shipper. The trade terms CFR (C&F), CIF, DAF, CPT, CIP, DDU, DDP, DES, and DEQ require a prepayment of the cost of main carriage.

In a prepaid delivery, the letter of credit (L/C) normally requires that the words "Freight Prepaid" be marked on the bill of lading (B/L), clearly indicating payment or prepayment of freight at port (or point) of origin. The mark may appear by stamp or be indicated by other means. The words "freight to be prepaid" or "freight prepayable" or similar wording that may appear on the B/L do not prove that the freight has been paid.

In a prepaid delivery by a courier, the transport document (i.e., the courier's receipt) issued by a courier or expedited delivery service must show that the courier charges have been paid or prepaid by the shipper.

Freight Collect
Freight collect means that the freight still has to be paid by the consignee. The trade terms FOB, FAS, EXW, and FCA require a collection of the cost of the main carriage.

In a collect delivery, the letter of credit (L/C) normally requires that the words "Freight Collect" be marked on the bill of lading, clearly indicating freight payable at destination. The mark may appear by stamp or be indicated by other means.

A collection charge usually is included in the freight rate or is collected separately. Hence, the freight charged on a collect basis is normally higher than on a prepaid basis.

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 Shipment Control

Proper control of the date of shipment is very important in the exporting. A delayed shipment may mean losing the order and the customer's trust.

In the sample letter of credit (L/C) the latest shipment is March 19, 2001. The latest negotiation is 15 days after the date of shipment which would be April 3, 2001, but the L/C expires on March 26, 2001. Hence, the latest negotiation date would be March 26, 2001 if the shipment is on March 19, 2001, which means that the UVW Exports must present the documents to The Moon Bank within 7 days after the date of shipment. Go to Top

 

Seaports of the World

Go to continent or region:

Africa | America (North) | America (Central) |
America (South) | Asia | Middle East |
Europe (Western) | Europe (Eastern) | Oceania/Australasia

Certain countries are landlocked and so are inaccessible by deep-sea ocean vessels. Import and export goods must be transhipped in other country(ies) by means of truck and/or rail and/or inland waterway (river, canal or lake) transports. Please see Landlocked Countries and Transhipping Points.

Some port names may be spelled differently, for example, Bourgas in Bulgaria may appear as Burgess.

Certain seaport and country names may contain foreign (non-English) characters. Please use Internet Explorer browser to display the foreign characters properly.

Africa
Country (Area) Seaport
Algeria Algiers
Annaba
Oran
Skikda
Angola Lobito
Luanda
Soyo
Benin Cotonou
Botswana landlocked
Burkina Faso
  (Upper Volta)		 landlocked
Burundi landlocked
Cameroon Douala
Cape Verde Islands Praia
Central African Rep. landlocked
Chad landlocked
Congo Pointe Noire
Côte d'Ivoire
  (Ivory Coast)		 Abidjan
Djibouti Djibouti
Egypt Alexandria
Damietta
Port Said
Equatorial Guinea Bata
Malabo
Ethiopia Assab
Massawa
Gabon Libreville (Owendo)
Port Gentil
Gambia Banjul
Ghana Tema
Guinea Conakry
Guinea-Bissau Bissau
Kenya Mombasa
Lesotho landlocked
Liberia Buchanan
Monrovia
Libya Benghazi
Tripoli
Madagascar Majunga
Tamatave
Malawi landlocked
Mali landlocked
Mauritania Nouakchott
Mauritius Port Louis
Morocco Agadir
Casablanca
Ceuta
Mozambique Beira
Maputo
Nacala
Namibia Luderitz
Niger landlocked
Nigeria Calabar
Lagos-Apapa
Port Harcourt
Warri
Réunion Pointe des Galets
Rwanda landlocked
St. Helena Jamestown
  - Ascension  
  - Tristan da Cunha  
Sao Tomé
  and Principé		 Sao Tomé
Senegal Dakar
Seychelles Victoria
Sierra Leone Freetown
Somalia Berbera
Mogadishu
South Africa Cape Town
Durban
East London
Port Elizabeth
Saldanha Bay
Sudan Port Sudan
Swaziland landlocked
Tanzania Dar es Salaam
Mtwara
Tanga
Zanzibar
Togo Lome
Tunisia Sfax
Sousse
Tunis-La Goulette
Uganda landlocked
Zaire Boma
Matadi
Zambia landlocked
Zimbabwe landlocked


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America - North
Country (Area) Seaport
Canada Halifax, NS
Montreal, PQ
Quebec, PQ
Saint John, NB
Toronto, ON
Vancouver, BC
Mexico Coatzacoalcos
Guaymas
Lázaro Cárdenas
Manzanillo
Salina Cruz
Tampico
Tuxpan
Veracruz
U.S.A. Baltimore, MD
Baton Rouge, LA
Beaumont, TX
Boston, MA
Brownsville, TX
Buffalo, NY
Canaveral, FL
Charleston, SC
Chicago, IL
Cleveland, OH
Corpus Christi, TX
Detroit, MI
Duluth-Superior, MN
Erie, PA
Freeport, TX
Galveston, TX
Gulfport, MS
Hampton Roads, VA
Honolulu, HI
Houston, TX
Jacksonville, FL
Lake Charles, LA
Long Beach, CA
Los Angeles, CA
Milwaukee, WI
Mobile, AL
New Orleans, LA
New York, NY
Oakland, CA
Orange, TX
Palm Beach, FL
Panama City, FL
Pascagoula, MS
Pensacola, FL
Philadelphia, NJ
Port Arthur, TX
Port Everglades, FL
Portland, ME
Portland, OR
Sacramento, CA
San Diego, CA
San Francisco, CA
Savannah, GA
Seattle, WA
Stockton, CA
Tacoma, WA
Tampa, FL
Toledo, OH


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America - South
Country (Area) Seaport
Argentina Bahía Blancar
Buenos Aires
Santa Fe
Bolivia landlocked
Brazil Belem
Fortaleza
Paranagua
Recife
Rio de Janeiro
Rio Grande
Salvador
Santos
Chile Antofagasta
Arica
Iquique
Punta Arenas
San Antonio
Talcahuano
Valparaiso
Colombia Barranquilla
Buenaventura
Cartagena
Ecuador Esmeraldas
Guayaquil
Falkland Islands
(Malvinas) 		Stanley
French Guiana Cayenne
Guyana Georgetown
Paraguay Asuncion
Peru Callao
Matarani
Paita
Salaverry
Suriname Paramaribo
Uruguay Montevideo
Venezuela La Guaira
Maracaibo
Puerto Cabello


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America - Central
Country (Area) Seaport
Anguilla Sandy Ground
Antigua and Barbuda St. John's
Aruba Oranjestad
Bahamas Freeport
Nassau
Barbados Bridgetown
Belize Belize City
Bermuda Hamilton
Cayman Islands George Town
Costa Rica Puerto Caldera
Puerto Limon
Puntarenas
Cuba Havana
Dominica Roseau
Dominican Republic Rio Haina
Santo Domingo
El Salvador Acajutla
Grenada St. George's
Guadeloupe Pointe á Pitre
Guatemala Santo Tomas de Castilla
Haiti Cap Haitien
Port au Prince
Honduras Puerto Cortés
Jamaica Kingston
Martinique Fort de France
Montserrat Plymouth
Netherlands Antilles Willemstad
Curacao
Nicaragua Corinto
Panama Balboa
Colon
Cristobal
Puerto Rico Ponce
San Juan
St. Kitts and Nevis Basseterre
St. Lucia Castries
St. Vincent
  and Grenadines		 Kingstown
Trinidad and Tobago Port of Spain
Turks and
  Caicos Islands		 Grand Turk
Virgin Islands (U.S.) St. Croix


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Asia - Far & Near East
Country (Area) Seaport
Afghanistan landlocked
Bangladesh Chalna
Chittagong
Bhutan landlocked
Brunei Muara Port
Cambodia Kompong Som
China Dalian
Huangpu
Qingdao
Shanghai
Tianjin
Xiamen
- Hong Kong Hong Kong
- Macau Macau
East Timor ---
India Bombay
Calcutta
Cochin
Madras
Mangalore
Indonesia Balikpapan
Belawan
Jakarta
Palembang
Pontianak
Semarang
Surabaya
Ujung Pandang
Japan Hakata
Hiroshima
Kobe<BR
Moji
Nagoya
Osaka
Shimizu
Tokyo
Yokohama
Kazakhstan Gur'yev
Korea, North Chongjin
Nampo
Wonsan
Korea, South Inchon
Pohang
Pusan (Busan)
Kyrgyzstan landlocked
Laos landlocked
Malaysia Klang (Kelang)
Kota Kinabalu
Kuching
Penang
Sandakan
Sibu
Maldives Male
Mongolia landlocked
Myanmar (Burma) Yangon (Rangoon)
Nepal landlocked
Pakistan Qasim
Karachi
Philippines Cebu
Davao
Iloilo
Legaspi
Manila
Zamboanga
Singapore Singapore
Sri Lanka Colombo
Taiwan Kaohsiung
Keelung
Taichung
Tajikistan landlocked
Thailand Bangkok
(Laem Chabang)
Songkhla
Turkmenistan Krasnovodsk
Uzbekistan landlocked
Vietnam Da Nang
Haiphong
Ho Chi Minh


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Asia - Middle East
Country (Area) Seaport
Bahrain Manama
Irag Basra
Um Qasr
Iran Bandar Abbas
Bandar Khomeini
Israel Ashdod
Eilat
Haifa
Jordan Aqaba
Kuwait Shuaiba
Shuwaikh
Lebanon Beirut
Tripoli
Oman Mina Qaboos
Qatar Doha
Saudi Arabia Dammam
Jeddah
Jubail
Yanbu
Syria Lattakia
Tartous
Turkey Istanbul (port in Europe)
Izmir
Mersin
United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi
Dubai
Sharjah
Yemen Aden
Hodeidah


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Europe - Western
Country (Area) Seaport
Andorra landlocked
Austria landlocked
Belgium Antwerp
Ghent
Ostend
Zeebrugge
Channel Islands St. Helier
St. Peter Port
Cyprus Larnaca
Limassol
Denmark Aarhus
Copenhagen
Esbjerg
Odense
Finland Helsinki
Kotka
Rauma
Turku
France Bordeaux
Calais
Dunkirk
Le Havre
Marseilles
Paris
Sete
Germany Bremen
Bremerhaven
Hamburg
Kiel
Rostock
Gibraltar Gibraltar
Greece Piraeus
Thessaloniki (Salonika)
Iceland Reykjavik
Ireland Cork
Dublin
Waterford
Isle of Man Douglas
Italy Genoa
La Spezia
Leghorn (Livorno)
Naples
Palermo
Trieste
Venice
Liechtenstein landlocked
Luxembourg landlocked
Malta Valletta
Netherlands
(Holland) 		Amsterdam
Rotterdam
Norway Aalesund
Bergen
Drammen
Kristiansand
Oslo
Stavanger
Portugal Leixoes
Lisbon
Oporto
Setubal
San Marino landlocked
Spain Algeciras
Alicante
Barcelona
Bilbao
Cadiz
Las Palmas
Valencia
Sweden Gothenburg
Helsingborg
Malmo
Stockholm
Switzerland landlocked
United Kingdom Aberdeen
Belfast
Cardiff
Clyde Ports
(Glasgow, Greenock)
Felixstowe
Forth Ports
(Grangemouth, etc.)
Grimsby
Hull
Liverpool
London
Manchester
Southampton


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Europe - Eastern
Country (Area) Seaport
Albania Durrés
Armenia landlocked
Azerbaijan Baku
Belarus
(Byelorussia)

landlocked

Bosnia-Herzegovina landlocked
Bulgaria Bourgas (Burgess)
Varna
Croatia Rijeka
Split
Czech Republic landlocked
Estonia Tallinn
Georgia Batumi
Sukhumi
Hungary landlocked
Latvia Riga
Lithuania Klaipeda
Macedonia,
Former Yugos. Rep. 		landlocked
Moldova landlocked
Poland Gdansk
Gdynia
Szczecin
Romania Constantza
Russian Federation Nachodka (port in Asia)
Murmansk
St. Petersburg
Arkhangelsk (Archangels)
Vladivostok (port in Asia)
Slovak Republic landlocked
Slovenia Koper
Ukraine Odessa
Yugoslavia, Fed. Rep.
- Serbia
- Montenegro 		Kotor (Cattaro)


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Oceania / Australasia
Country (Area) Seaport
American Samoa Pago Pago
Australia Adelaide, SA
Brisbane, QLD
Darwin, NT
Fremantle, WA
Geelong, VIC
Hobart, TAS
Melbourne, VIC
Newcastle, NSW
Perth, WA
Sydney, NSW
Townsville, QLD
Christmas Island Kiritimati
Cook Islands Mangaia
Rarotonga
Fiji Lautoka
Suva
French Polynesia
(Tahiti) 		Papeete
Guam Apra (Agana)
Hawaii Honolulu
Kiribati Tarawa
Marshall Islands Majuro
Nauru Nauru
New Caledonia Noumea
New Zealand Auckland
Christchurch
Dunedin
Lyttelton
Napier
Timaru
Wellington
Niue Alofi
Papua New Guinea Lae
Madang
Port Moresby
Rabaul
Samoa
(Western Samoa) 		Apia
Solomon Islands Honiara
Tonga Nuku'alofa
Tuvalu Funafuti
Vanuatu Vila


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 Export Shipping Instructions

When an exporter engages a custom broker or forwarder to handle the customs declaration, he/she must give instructions on what to do with the shipment in the shipping instructions. The format of the shipping instructions varies, but all the forms essentially contain the same information. One form is often used in different modes of transportation.

Request  Blank form of shipping instruction, ---link to contact us.

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